Method of building automation heat load and user preference inferring occupancy via network systems activity

ABSTRACT

Tools and techniques are described to modify a defined space state depending on number of users in the space and/or preferences of users in the space. In some embodiments, users entering or leaving a space are noticed by network systems. A controller then modifies resources in the space to account for the greater or lesser load. In other cases, the network system notices that a specific user has entered a building. This user may have preferences stored in the system which the building control system then responds to by changing state of a device that controls physical state within the space.

RELATED APPLICATION

The present application hereby incorporates by reference the entiretyof, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/021,965filed Sep. 15, 2020, now U.S. patent Ser. No. 11/553,618, which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/070,460,filed Aug. 26, 2020.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to sensors within a defined space, andmore particularly to sensors that can associate personal devices withcomfort preferences.

BACKGROUND

Different people and different objects may all have differentrequirements or preferences for what may be broadly termed “comfort.”For example, an old, expensive violin may require humidity between40-60% to keep it from degrading. A person may prefer a temperature of74°. However, the temperature inside, the temperature outside, wind, andthe humidity (among other factors) all interact to create a comfortlevel, which is not just the temperature as read by a thermometer.Further, someone dressed in a wool suit will prefer a differenttemperature than someone dressed in shorts and a t-shirt. Add to this,people are warm; when they enter a building, the building warms up dueto their heat.

SUMMARY

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription section. This summary does not identify required oressential features of the claimed subject matter. The innovation isdefined with claims, and to the extent this Summary conflicts with theclaims, the claims should prevail.

In general, one innovative embodiment comprises a defined space with abuilding control system that modifies upon user preference. It comprisescomputing hardware and programmable memory, a sensor that isoperationally able to notice at least one signal from at least onepersonal electronic device, an associator which associates the personalelectronic device with a user, a preference associated with the userstored in memory; and a modifier that modifies defined space state basedon the preference.

Some embodiments provide a determiner determines the number of people inthe defined space based on number of noticed signals from the sensor.The modifier will modify at least a portion of the defined space statebased on the number of people in the defined space.

Some embodiments provide a comfort level calculator, which calculatenumber of people in the defined space, calculate a comfort value basedon number of people in the defined space; and adjusts defined spacestate to match the comfort value. Matching the comfort value does notindicate that the defined space is able to exactly match the comfortvalue, but rather that the defined space is able to get within a certainpercent of the comfort value, can get within a certain value of thecomfort value, and so on.

Some embodiments provide an occupant profile which holds userpreferences. These preferences may be location value, temperature value,humidity value, lighting value, security value, entertainment value,personal services value, comfort value, or grounds control value,height, weight, sex, activity level, or insulation value of clothing.

Some embodiments use personal electronic devices to determine the numberof people within a space and then adaptively modify the state of thespace to accommodate the number of people.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram showing an exemplary embodiment ofa building control system in conjunction which described embodiments canbe implemented.

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram showing an exemplary embodiment ofa personal electronic device which described embodiments can beimplemented.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an exemplary embodiment of user preferencesin conjunction with which described embodiments can be implemented.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an exemplary flow diagram of a defined spaceusing a determiner to change state which described embodiments can beimplemented.

FIG. 5 is an exemplary diagram showing location determination aspects.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary functional block diagram showing controlleraspects.

FIG. 7 is an exemplary functional block diagram showing comfort levelaspects.

FIG. 8 is an exemplary flow chart illustrating steps in some methodsthat may use a personal device to access information to modify spacestate.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an exemplary computing environment inconjunction with which described embodiments can be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed below are representative embodiments of methods,computer-readable media, and systems having particular applicability tosystems and methods for building neural networks that describe physicalstructures. Described embodiments implement one or more of the describedtechnologies.

Various alternatives to the implementations described herein arepossible. For example, embodiments described with reference to flowchartdiagrams can be altered, such as, for example, by changing the orderingof stages shown in the flowcharts, or by repeating or omitting certainstages.

I. Overview

Sensors are devices which are created to detect changes in theenvironment. These changes can then be used in a variety of ways, suchas being displayed (as in a thermostat) or being sent to a computersystem such as a controller, where the information will be used. Sensorscan be used to infer occupancy using network systems activity. Networksystems can associate information from particular electronic device'sinteraction with the network with a user. This user may have informationabout desired space comfort levels stored in a database that can beaccessed by a controller that can change the state of the defined space.When the controller receives information that a specific user hasentered the defined space, the controller may be able to use thedatabase information to change state of the space or a portion of thespace (e.g., an office) to meet the comfort goals of the user. Whenmultiple users are in a space, the controller may be able to use aformula to combine the comfort goals of the users present in thebuilding to achieve a combined comfort goal. This combined comfort goalmay be determined in a variety of ways. One such way may be to take themedian or mean value of the comfort goals of the people that have beendetermined to be in the defined space. This comfort goal can be used bythe controller to automatically adjust the defined space state to meetthe needs of those in the space. A “state” as used herein may be AirTemperature, Radiant Temperature, Atmospheric Pressure, Sound Pressure,Occupancy Amount, Occupancy distance, Indoor Air Quality, CO2concentration, Humidity, Light Intensity, or another state that can bemeasured and controlled.

The technical character of embodiments described herein will be apparentto one of ordinary skill in the art, and will also be apparent inseveral ways to a wide range of attentive readers. Some embodimentsaddress technical activities that are rooted in computing technology,such as more efficiently running HVAC systems by the ability to preheatand precook buildings when people enter and exit, rather than waitingfor sensors to register a greater amount of heat in a building. This isuseful when a large number of people enter a building in short time, andcan lead to energy savings and savings on equipment wear and tear as aheating system can slowly ramp up to its HVAC systems rather thansuddenly trying to run at maximum capacity suddenly. Buildings can alsorun more efficiently as they can monitor people in the buildingincluding their locations, and only provide services for those portionsof the building that are occupied. Buildings can also provide greatercomfort to the inhabitants, as the building itself can cater itsparameters to those in the building at a given time without lag, ratherthan waiting for state monitors, such as thermostats, to record thechange. Other advantages based on the technical characteristics of theteachings will also be apparent to one of skill from the descriptionprovided.

II. Exemplary System for Modifying Comfort Level Through PersonalElectronic Device Signals

FIG. 1 shows 100 an embodiment of a system in which comfort level of adefined space may be modified based on factors determined by referenceto personal electronic device signals. At 105 a defined space is shown.A “defined space” should be defined generously. It may refer to a singlebuilding, a collection of related buildings, buildings and space aroundthem, an outside space such as a garden with irrigation, a portion of abuilding, such as a floor, a zone, a room, several rooms, etc. Thisdefined space may have a building control system. The building controlsystem may comprise a controller 110. The controller may comprisecomputer hardware 115 and memory 120, such that the controller can storeand run computer programs. In some instances, the controller may alsocomprise a user input/output device, such as a computer monitor, atouch-screen, a thumb drive, a cd reader, and so on. The memory 120 maycontain a user comfort preference 135. This preference may be used todetermine a comfort model, or may be determined by a comfort model. Thedefines space also comprises at least one or more sensor(s) 125. Thesensor(s) may help infer occupancy of the defined space, and infer otherinformation to calculate a comfort level for occupants of the definedspace 105. These sensors may be controlled by the controllers 110 whichmay be connected to the sensors using wired connections, wirelessconnections, or a combination of the two. These controllers may be ableto control the sensors, read their sensor values, make decisions basedon such sensor values, etc.

The sensor 125 may also be able to notice a signal from a personalelectronic device. The personal electronic device may be a cell phone, apersonal computer, a tablet, or any other sort of device that has awireless signal. It may also be a tag with network capability attachedto an object. The wireless signal may comprise strength anddirectionality. The wireless signal may also comprise an identifier thatidentifies the user to the system.

The defined space may also comprise an associator 130, which associatesa personal device with a user. This may be done using e.g., IMEI & GPScall trackers, or other methods known to those of skill in the art. Insome embodiments, there are multiple users with multiple preferences,and an aggregator 160 which calculates an aggregate state value (whichalso might be an aggregated comfort value). This aggregate state valuecomprises a calculation of the multiple user preferences, and may besome combination of temperature, humidity, noise level, such as air flownoise level, entertainment noise level, crowd noise level, CO2 levels,lighting level, allergen level, etc. In some embodiments, the modifier140 uses the aggregate state value to modify output of a deviceoperationally controlled by the controller to achieve the aggregatestate value in the defined space. This associator 130 may be stored inmemory 120 in the controller 110, may be a portion of a computer programassociated with the controller, and so on.

With reference to FIG. 2 , the sensor(s) 125, 220 may notice at leastone wireless signal from at least one personal electronic device 205;the signal may comprise strength 210 and directionality 215. The signalmay comprise a known wireless signal that the sensor 220 or thecontroller 110 may be able to associate with a specific person, people,or entity (such as a musical instrument, explosives, water pipes, oranything that may have preferred state values) that is associated withthe personal electronic device 205. A specific wireless signal may beassociated with a specific entity through it having previously connectedto an existing network, through its bluetooth address, through its MACaddress which it broadcasts occasionally, even when the wireless networkis turned off on the phone, through being stored in a databaseassociated with the controller 110, or through another method. Thesensor 125, 220 may infer from the existence of the personal electronicdevice 205 that there is a person (or other object of interest) in thebuilding. Sensor(s) 125, 220 may comprise beacons which broadcastssignals that can be read by personal communication devices. The beaconsmay be bluetooth beacons. The sensor may read signals broadcast frompersonal information devices, such as MAC addresses or bluetoothinformation. The sensor may then notice how many personal informationdevices are within a certain radius. The sensor may use the receivedsignal strength indicator (RSSI) estimate. A controller 110 in thebuilding may then determine a number of people in the building based onhow many signals a sensor 125 (or sensors) has noticed. The controllermay then use this information to modify state parameters in the definedspace 105, such as heat needs, humidity, lighting, security, groundscontrol, or entertainment, to name a few possibilities.

When beacons are used to determine occupancy, the beacons may usetrilateration to determine occupancy. Bluetooth beacons may have aReceived Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) value. This RSSI value is thesignal strength of the beacon at a known distance. The personalelectronic device (PED) carried by a person (or object) picks up thebeacon and can determine its signal strength at the personal electronicdevice. The personal electronic device can then broadcast thisinformation to the controller 110 using, e.g., a network. Anapproximation of the PED location can be determined using the knownoutput signal strength of the beacon and the signal strength at the PED.

The sensor 125, 220 or the controller 110 may determine the location ofone or more people in the building based on their personal electronicdevice wireless signal 210, 215. The controller then may use a modifier140 to change state location in the defined space 105 based on thenumber of noticed people. The controller may use its ability to controlan HVAC system to raise or lower the temperature, turn off a piece ofequipment to lower noise in the space, change the humidity, etc.

In some embodiments, the sensor 125, the controller 110, or the twoworking in combination, may be able to determine that a specific signalis from a specific user that is known to the system. In such a case, thesystem (a database associated with the location, the sensors, thecontroller, or something else) may have access to preferences 135 forthe user. This user may be an organization, a person, or an inanimateobject with appropriate hardware. Using these preferences, the buildingmay change state, i.e., the controller may stop, start, or modifyresources to change state in the defined space. In an embodiment, thereis an associator 130 which associates the personal electronic devicewith a known user; a preference storer 630 which stores at least onepreference 135 associated with a known user; and a modifier 140 whichmodifies state (e.g., temperature, humidity, air flow noise level,lighting level, etc.) of at least one portion of the defined space,based on at least one preference of the user.

In some embodiments, the preference 135 comprises at least one oflocation, temperature, humidity, lighting, security, entertainment,personal services, or grounds control preferences of the user. Forexample, the user may be known to park in a certain parking space andwalk into the building following a certain path. When the user's signalis picked up, lights along the user's preferred path may be signaled toturn on; any sprinklers along the user's preferred path may be signaledto turn off, and lights in the user's preferred office should turn on.In other instances, the signal itself is used to provide a location, andlights, sprinklers, etc., are modified depending on the location of thesignal.

In some embodiments, preferences 135 are specific information about auser such as height, weight, sex, activity level, or insulation value ofclothing. The system then may use an estimator 150 which uses at leastone of the preferences associated with the known user to estimate atleast one of user metabolic rate, user heat level, user convectionlevel, or user sweat level, etc.

In some embodiments, there is also a radiant value calculator 165 thatis used to calculate radiant temperature for a given person or people.This may be associated with the comfort level calculator 155. Thecomfort level calculator calculates (in some embodiments) a comfortlevel, which will be used by the modifier 140 to modify state of thedefined space 105. This may be associated with the person or objectidentified by personal electronic device or may be calculated for ageneralized person. Humans do not directly determine from a specifictemperature how comfortable they are. Rather, perceived human comfort isa combination of air flow, humidity, and radiant temperature, which,roughly, is the mean temperature of a set of surfaces around a person.According to Wikipedia¹, ¹https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_radiant_temperature, last viewed May12, 2020

-   -   “There are different ways to estimate the mean radiant        temperature, either applying its definition and using equations        to calculate it, or measuring it with particular thermometers or        sensors.    -   “Since the amount of radiant heat lost or received by human body        is the algebraic sum of all radiant fluxes exchanged by its        exposed parts with the surrounding sources, MRT can be        calculated from the measured temperature of surrounding walls        and surfaces and their positions with respect to the person.        Therefore, it is necessary to measure those temperatures and the        angle factors between the person and the surrounding        surfaces.^([1]) Most building materials have a high emittance ε,        so all surfaces in the room can be assumed to be black. Because        the sum of the angle factors is unity, the fourth power of MRT        equals the mean value of the surrounding surface temperatures to        the fourth power, weighted by the respective angle factors.    -   The following equation is used: MRT⁴=T₁ ⁴F_(p−1)+T₂ ⁴F_(p−2)+ .        . . +T_(n) ⁴F_(p−n) where MRT is Mean Radiant Temperature:    -   T_(n) is the temperature of surface “n” in Kelvins;    -   F_(p−n) is the angle factor between a person and surface “n”.    -   “If relatively small temperature differences exist between the        surfaces of the enclosure, the equation can be simplified to the        following linear form: MRT=T₁F_(p−1)+T₂F_(p−2)+ . . .        +T_(n)F_(p−n)”

In some embodiments, a building control system, which may be acontroller 110 with computer hardware 115 and memory 120 (which may beprogrammable memory), and which has the ability to store, run, andmodify computer programs, resides in the defined space 105. Thisbuilding control system may calculate the radiant temperature for anindividual or several individuals, and use this calculation to changebuilding state. With reference to FIG. 6 , in some embodiments, theradiant value calculator uses at least one of a time value 610, aweather value, 615, and the preferences associated with the user(comfort value 620) to calculate a radiant temperature value. In someembodiments, preferences associated with a user include user metabolicrate 745. The user metabolic rate may be used by the building controlsystem to modify at least one portion of the building state in at leastone location, such as the location that the user is currently in.

In some embodiments, the building control system can notice when asignal associated with a user personal electronic device leaves thebuilding, or an area around the building. When a signal goes missing,the building control system uses this information to modify the definedplace state, by for example, no longer using the user's preferences todetermine the defined place state.

With reference to FIG. 3 , once a user 305 is known, a preference 310associated with the user 305 can be determined. The preference 310 maybe determined by using the user personal device signal to key into adatabase (e.g., the preference 135) stored in memory 120. The preference310 may be a location value, temperature value, humidity value, lightingvalue, security value, entertainment value, personal services value,comfort value, grounds control value, etc., and as spoken of elsewhere.Once the preference is known, a modifier 140 may modify the space statedepending on that preference. The preference may be a comfort value 620or a portion of a comfort value 620. As the controller is able tocontrols resources in the defined space, once the controller understandswhat should be modified (e.g., lower the temperature, reduce allergens),the controller can turn on the appropriate resources (e.g., airconditioner, dampers, vents, air purifiers, etc.) to ensure that thetemperature and allergen level are lowered, for example, in a givenuser's office. The modifier 140 may be associated with memory 120 in thecontroller 110, a program associated with computer hardware 115 andmemory 120; and/or may be distributed between multiple controllers, etc.

FIG. 4 at 400 shows an embodiment of a system described herein modifyingthe state of the defined space based on the number of people within thedefined space 405. A determiner 410 may be operationally able todetermine the number of people 425 in the defined space. Thisdetermination may be based on the number of noticed signals from asensor (e.g., 125) that can determine location based on personalelectronic devices in the area, such as with bluetooth signals, or otherways, as discussed with reference to FIG. 2 . The sensor may also beable to notice the people directly, such as with a passive infraredsensor, an imaging IR sensor, etc.

The determiner 410 may update a value that indicates number of people inthe space, or may use a different method to indicate number of people inthe space. In some embodiments, the controller comprises the ability tomodify devices that can be controlled by the controller. These devicesmay be wired to the controller, such as, e.g., an air conditioner 420,may be connected to the controller through wireless means, such as somesensors, or may be connected to the controller using a different method.In an embodiment, when the determiner determines that the number ofpeople 425 within a defined space 405 has changed, the determinersignals a modifier 415, which uses the controller 110 to modify a devicethat controls state within the defined space 405, such as an airconditioner 420. Without limitation, any number of devices that can becontrolled may be modified; e.g., heaters, water heaters, humidifiers,air filters, and a host of other devices.

With reference to FIG. 5 at 500, the modifier 415, 530 is described ingreater detail. A location determiner 510 may locate people or items inthe defined space 505 depending on two or more beacons 515, 520 that arepicked up by a personal electronic device 535, may determine location ofpeople based on cameras, range finders, RFID badges, or infrared orultrasound badges, or another method. This information is transferred tothe modifier using a wired or wireless network, or some other method.The modifier 530 may be a computer program stored in memory 120, and mayalso comprise the ability to control state change devices controlled bythe controller 110. When the modifier knows how many people are in thedefined space, the modifier may modify at least a portion of the definedspace 505 state (by controlling state-changing resources, such as airconditioners, heaters, humidifiers, air purifiers, etc.) based on thenumber of people in the defined space. At a minimum, each person givesoff a certain amount of heat (˜350,000 J of energy per hour). In severalembodiments, the system can then determine how to adjust the resourceswithin the defined space to account for the extra heat. This may involvethe controller turning up an air conditioner 420 before the extra heatfrom the people is recorded on temperature thermometers, for example.Similarly, the controller could turn a heater down, anticipating theextra heat generated by the people within the defined space, or aportion thereof. This determiner 145 and modifier 140 may be, e.g.,programs or portions of programs that runs on the controller or multiplecontrollers. In such cases, modifying the space state comprisesmodifying the output of devices associated with the state to keep spacestate at the same value it was previously.

With continuing reference to FIG. 5 , a location determiner 510 may beincluded that uses a signal from a personal electronic device 535 withina defined space 505 to determine a person's location. The locationdeterminer 510, in some instances, noticed signal strength anddirectionality to determine a location of the personal electronic devicewithin the defined space 505. In other instances, the locationdeterminer 510 comprises a bluetooth beacon that broadcasts a signalwhich contains e.g., a universally unique identifier that can be used todetermine the phone's location. In some embodiments, an indoorpositioning system is used which allows Bluetooth beacons to pinpoint apersonal electronic device within a defined space 505.

In some embodiments, at least two, and possibly three bluetooth beacons515, 520 are used by the location determiner 510 to determine thelocation of the personal electronic device 535. The beacons may betransmitting their namespace and an instance ID, a universally uniqueidentifier (UUID), major and minor values, or, a different method ofdetermining the beacon address and location. No matter the specificprotocol, the beacons should be transmitting values that can be turnedinto location coordinates. Using the Received Signal Strength Indicator(RSSI) from the beacons, the device may be able to determine theirposition within a certain error. When three beacons are used, thepersonal electronic device should be able to be pinpointed with a fairamount of accuracy. That location can then be transmitted to thecontroller, or the controller may determine the location.

The location determiner 510 is, e.g., a program that runs on thecontroller. Once the location of the device is known, then a modifier140, 530 can be used to change the state of the defined space withinsome distance of the personal electronic device 535. This locationdeterminer may be, e.g., programs or portions of programs that usessensor data and runs on the controller 110 or multiple controllers. Insome embodiments, the sensor may process some of the sensor data priorto passing it onto the controller 110. In some embodiments, at least onesignal associated with a personal electronic device is saved; e.g., inthe memory 120, and the location determiner can determine that thestored signal has disappeared. In such cases, the modifier 530 maysignal to the controller 110 to change state reflecting the updatednumber of people 425 in the defined space 105 or portion of the space.

III. Comfort Levels that May be Used with Embodiments Described Herein

A comfort level calculator 155, 625 may be used to calculate a comfortvalue 620. With reference to FIG. 6 , a controller 605 is disclosed.This controller may be a single controller with hardware 115, andsoftware stored in memory 120, or may be multiple controllers running asa distributed system. At 635, an occupant profile is disclosed. Thisoccupant profile may comprise one or more preferences associated with agiven user. The preference 135 associated with the user comprises alocation value, (such as the location of the person's office), apreferred temperature value, humidity value, lighting value, securityvalue, entertainment value, personal services value, comfort value, agrounds control value, some combination of the above, or a differentsort of value, as shown with reference to FIG. 7 . The preference mayalso comprise, e.g., height, weight, sex, activity level, or insulationvalue of clothing. The user may enter those preferences into a computerprogram, with the preferences then stored in memory. The computerprogram may be an app that runs on a personal electronic device.

With further reference to FIG. 6 , At 625, a comfort level calculator isshown, which, in certain embodiments, is operationally able to calculatea near-optimal (or a value more optimal than the current one) comfortlevel for a designated space using any of the methods and systemsdisclosed herein. Once the comfort value is known, the modifier 140 isoperationally able to adjust the defined space state to match thecomfort value. In an embodiment, a building control system, whichcomprises at least one controller 605, further comprises time values610. These time values may be the time of day, such as 7:00 am, may be aperiod of time, such as from 7 am to 7 pm, may be a time curve, or maybe a different sort of time value. Weather values 615 may also be usedin the comfort level calculations. These weather values may betemperature, humidity, dew point, etc. In some embodiments, the comfortlevel calculator may use a time value 610, and a weather value 615.Other values that may be included to calculate a comfort value comprisecurrent air speed, humidity, noise level, lighting level, entertainmentnoise level, or the preferences 135 associated with the user 305.

This comfort value 620 may be used to modify output of a deviceassociated with the defined space that can be instructed to change stateto meet the comfort value 620. With continuing reference to FIG. 3 , auser 305 may have a preference 310 stored in memory 120. A defined spaceitself may have a preference, as well. This may be based on, e.g.,requirements of non-human elements in the room, such as musicalinstruments, munitions, building requirements (such as pipes that mightfreeze, or certain types of equipment used in e.g., labs, manufacturingsites, etc. The defined space may be controlled based upon the comfortlevel. Controlling an area may comprise as simple an action as moving afan to a specific area and turning it on. It may comprise opening orclosing a vent, or may comprise a controller with a computer systemturning on and off a variety of resources. A user preference 310 maycome from an occupant profile 700. The occupant profile may containinformation specific to the occupant, such as body weight 705, gender715, and/or age 760, humidity requirements (e.g., useful for everyone,but also useful for non-human occupants), possible heat range (usefulfor everyone, but also non-human occupants) among other elements. In oneembodiment, this profile information is stored in an occupant profile635.

The occupant profile 635 contains potentially dynamic information aboutthe current state of the occupant, such as information about currentactivity levels. The occupant profile 635 may also be related to anon-human item, such as a piece of furniture, munitions, or a musicalinstrument that requires specific humidity and temperature requirementsto prevent degradation. In some embodiments, there may be non-humanoccupant profiles and human occupant profiles.

Additionally, in an embodiment, an occupant profile 635/preference stateinformation may include active or passive occupant feedback on currentcomfort. In one embodiment, this state information is gathered through auser interface using a mobile, wearable, handheld, and/or otherelectronic device. The preference/occupant profile creation may involveaggregation of profile and state information relating to the comfortstates of occupants (human and non-human) into a suitable datastructure—the occupant user interface. In some embodiments, a user maybe able to modify occupant profile information, which may be used in anoccupant user interface, a comport level calculator, an occupantcontroller, or in multiple of them, such that when a user, e.g., enter adefined space, they may be able to specify what they are wearing, whattheir activity level is, or, e.g., other information they may finduseful to specify their comfort level. The user may be able to enterthis information prior to entering the defined space, but it may be readonce the defined space is entered. This information may be entered usingan app stored on a personal information device such as a phone. Thisoccupant profile, in certain embodiments, is used in the comfort levelcalculator 625 to determine a comfort level.

A location preference 640 is disclosed, which comprises, in someembodiments, information about a specific location, such as the definedspace 105. This information may include temperature value, humidityvalue, lighting value, security value, entertainment value, personalservices value, comfort value, or a grounds control value. The locationpreference may be stored in memory 120, and may be set up by a user 305,along with other preferences 310.

In some embodiments an aggregator 645 is operationally able to use thelocation preference and the occupant profile to modify the state of thedefined space. The aggregator is able, in some embodiments, to aggregatepreferences of two or more users to a single state value that can beused to set the state for the defined space. The aggregator may use amean, a medium, a mode to determine the aggregate state, may use aweighted average that weights certain users over others, may useparameters that require the state to fall between certain values, or notfall below or above certain values, may use a combination of these, ormay use another method to determine the estimate.

With reference to FIG. 7 , in certain embodiments, the occupant profile700 provides a user abstraction of one or more variables such asmetabolic rate 745, body weight 705, body mass-index 750, gender 715,job movement level 755, ethnicity, normal location 710, currentlocation, clothing insulation value 720, allergen level preferred 725,noise level preferred 730, lighting level preferred 740, currentoccupant movement 735, metabolic rate 745, BMI 750, job movement level755. age 760, and so on. The noise level 730 may be associated withnoise that HVAC or other equipment makes, as well as external factors,normal location (such as a user's office, or the room a muscleinstrument is stored in). An electronic sensing device may be used thatmay comprise at least one sensor that measures occupant movement,motion, and/or other activity. The sensor or sensors of the abovementioned electronic device, wherein the said movement, motion, and/orother activity is gathered, provide sensor data that may be used tocalculate, for example, the metabolic rate, which can be further used inan occupant comfort measure. In addition to the occupant state, currentenvironmental variables such as temperature, wind speed, humidity, noiselevel, air flow noise level, entertainment noise level, lighting level,allergen level, etc., which together comprise the environmentalvariables, can be provided to the comfort model.

In one embodiment, environmental variables (e.g. ambient temperature,humidity, CO2, VOC, allergen levels) are provided by sensing devices asdescribed above. The comfort model accepts both the environmentalvariables and occupant state inputs (e.g., from the occupant profile700) and determines the comfort level of the occupant(s), where themodel comprises a mathematical equation of human comfort which outputsthe comfort state of the occupant(s), such as, e.g., the mean radianttemperature, as discussed above.

The mathematical equation may comprise one or more of the variables likeair temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, metabolicrate, skin temperature, skin wetness, total evaporative heat loss fromskin, skin surface area, sweat rate, body weight, body mass-index,gender, age, occupancy, ethnicity, locality, and/or clothing insulationvalue.

The mathematical equation of human comfort may be a derivative of, e.g.,any of the following, and not to exclude any other models: Fanger Model,KSU Two-Node Model, Pierce Two-Node Model, Standard EffectiveTemperature Model, Adaptive Comfort Model, and/or any human comfortmodel.

In some instances, an occupant comfort mean function may be used. Insuch a case, an occupant comfort mean function aggregates the comfortstates of all occupants. An occupant comfort mean function, is attainedby any of the following techniques: averaging methods, such asarithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, tri-mean, median, mode,mid-range, quadratic mean (RMS), cubic mean, generalized mean, weightedmean; machine learning and statistical techniques, such as linearregression, logistic regression, polynomial regression, k-meansclustering, k-nearest neighbors, decision trees, perceptron, multi-layerperceptron, kernel methods, support vector machines, ensemble methods,boosting, bagging, naïve Bayes, expectation maximization, Gaussianmixture models, Gaussian processes, principal component analysis,singular value decomposition, reinforcement learning, Voronoidecomposition; and social theory voting techniques and concepts, such associal welfare functions, social choice functions, single transferrablevote, Bucklin's rule, social decision schemes, collective utilityfunctions, and/or Condorcet method and extensions such as Copeland'srule, maximin, Dodgson's rule, Young's rule, and/or ranked pairs.

In some embodiments, the comfort model may also comprise comfort levelsfor non-human assets that allows for comfort models of equipment,building envelope components, animals, plants, collections, systems,and/or other items in/around/near a defined space. These may be used toprovide more optimal management comprising the quality, comfort, value,or longevity of these assets. The comfort model for the non-human assetcomprises, e.g., a mathematical equation of a defined space assetcomfort, which might comprise a mathematical equation of building assetcomfort which itself may comprise one or more of an equipmentenvironmental operation model, a metallic rust model, a buildingmaterial moisture capacity model, a building material mold potentialmodel, an animal comfort model, a plant health model, and a water freezemodel. These models and the math underlying them are known to those ofskill in the art.

IV. Exemplary Method for Modifying Building State by Determining UserPreference

FIG. 8 illustrates an example method 800 for determining a userpreference which may be used to modify a defined space state. Acontroller 110 or other controlling; mechanism receives notificationthat a personal electronic device (PED) has been detected in a monitoredspace 805. FIG. 2 , e.g., and text associated with it describesembodiments which may be used to do so. A signal from the personalelectronic device is then associated with a user 810. FIGS. 3 through 5and text associated with them describe embodiments which may be used toassociated the signal with the user. Additionally, other methods knownto those in the art may also be used.

Once the signal has been associate with a user, a state preference ofthe user may be determined 815. This state preference may be looked up adatabase associated with the signal, the user, or using some othermethod. The user may be able to change their state preference on the flyonce reaching the defined space. The state preference may be fed into acomfort model which uses other information associated with the space(such as with a comfort level calculator 625) to determine optimal (ornear-optimal) state of the building or section of the building (such asa room the user may be in). State preference of the user may also needto be modified to more accurately match the user's desired state. Forexample, if a user prefers the temperature to be 72°, but the humiditylevel is 65%, the actual temperature may be lower for the user to feellike the temperature is 72°.

In some embodiments, locations have preferences for state. For example,a room with an antique piano may require humidity to be within a certainrange at all times. At 825, location preference(s) for a specificlocation or locations are determined.

In some embodiments, the user's information may be combined with otherusers in the building or near the user or in the same space, etc., toachieve a comfort level. For example, different users may have differingcomfort level preferences; some people like it hot, and some don't. At820, multiple user's preferences may be aggregated to generate a singlestate that the defined space can be set to. For example, userpreferences may be averaged, the mode may be taken, a weighted averagemay be used, with certain values, users, etc., being given higherweights, certain values may have predefined minimums and/or maximums,and so forth. Once a comfort level is determined, this comfort level maythen be used by a controller 110 that controls state change devices inthe space to signal to a state change device or devices to change stateof the defined space 830.

V. Computing Environment

With reference to FIG. 9 , the computing environment (which may be acontroller or a controller system) includes at least one centralprocessing unit 905 and memory 915, 925. The processing unit executescomputer-executable instructions and may be a real or a virtualprocessor. There might also be a vector or co/processing unit 910 thatenables fast vector processing. In a multi-processing system, multipleprocessing units execute computer-executable instructions to increaseprocessing power. The memory 915, 925 may be volatile memory (e.g.,registers, cache, RAM), non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM, EEPROM, flashmemory, etc.), or some combination of the two. For example, the memorycan be volatile memory, e.g., static memory cells, as in FPGAs and someCPLDs; or non-volatile memory, e.g., FLASH memory, as in some CPLDs, orin any other appropriate type of memory cell. The memory stores softwareimplementing described techniques and tools. The computer system may bedistributed, with multiple processors and associated memory in differentlocations that communicate using wired or wireless network connections.These distributed computing nodes may run simultaneously run the sameprogram using distributed computing techniques.

A computing environment may have additional features. For example, thecomputing environment may include storage 920 which may also includememory 925, one or more input devices 930, one or more output devices935, and one or more other communication devices 940. These may includetouch screens, keyboards, game controllers, touchpads, LED screens,voice-operated input systems, printers, phone connections, FAX machines,etc. An interconnection mechanism such as a bus, controller, or networkinterconnects the components of the computing environment. Typically,operating system software stored in memory 915, 925 provides anoperating environment for other software executing in the computingenvironment, and coordinates activities of the components of thecomputing environment. The computer system 900 can connect to othercomputer systems through network(s) 950, which may be wired, wireless,or both. Peripherals 955, such as external hard drives, modems, mice,keyboards, zip drives, scanners, 3-d printers, etc. Certain things maybelong to more than one category.

The computing system 900, like other suitable systems, also includes oneor more computer-readable storage media 960. Media 960 may be ofdifferent physical types. The media 960 may be volatile memory,non-volatile memory, fixed in place media, removable media, magneticmedia, optical media, solid-state media, and/or of other types ofphysical durable storage media (as opposed to merely a propagatedsignal). In particular, a configured medium 960 such as a portable(i.e., external) hard drive, CD, DVD, memory stick, or other removablenon-volatile, non-transient memory medium may become functionally atechnological part of the computer system when inserted or otherwiseinstalled, making its content accessible for interaction with and use bycentral processing unit 905. The removable configured medium 960 is anexample of a computer-readable storage medium 960. Some other examplesof computer-readable storage media 960 include built-in RAM, ROM, harddisks, and other memory storage devices which are not readily removableby users 945. A computer-readable medium should not be considered asignal; neither should a computer-readable memory be considered asignal.

The medium 960 is configured with instructions 970 that are executableby a central processing unit 905; “executable” is used broadly toinclude, human readable source code, such as Java or C++, compiled code,and/or machine code. Executable code also includes code that a runsusing a distributed system, such as a series of controllers andcontrollers that distribute and run complex problems. The medium 960 isalso configured with data 965 which is created, modified, referenced,and/or otherwise used for technical effect by execution of theinstructions 970. The instructions 970 and the data 965 configure thememory or other storage medium 960 in which they reside; when thatmemory or other computer readable storage medium is a functional part ofa given computer system, the computer system may be configured by theinstructions 970 and data 965.

Although an embodiment may be described as being implemented as softwareinstructions executed by one or more processors in a computing device(e.g., general purpose computer, cell phone, or controller), suchdescription is not meant to exhaust all possible embodiments. One ofskill will understand that the same or similar functionality can alsooften be implemented, in whole or in part, directly in hardware, logic,to provide the same or similar technical effects. Alternatively, or inaddition to software implementation, the technical functionalitydescribed herein can be performed, at least in part, by one or morehardware logic components. For example, and without excluding otherimplementations, an embodiment may include hardware logic componentssuch as Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Application-SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), Application-Specific Standard Products(ASSPs), System-on-a-Chip components (SOCs), Complex Programmable LogicDevices (CPLDs), and similar components. Components of an embodiment maybe grouped into interacting functional modules based on their inputs,outputs, and/or their technical effects, for example.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A building automation controllercomprising: a memory; a communications interface; and a processor incommunication with the memory, the processor being configured to:receive, via the communications interface, an indication that a personalelectronic device is located within a first defined space; identify auser preference associated with the personal electronic device; identifya first action to be performed by a device to affect a state of thefirst defined space in accordance with the user preference; transmit,via the communications interface, a first instruction to perform thefirst action; receive, via the communications interface, an indicationthat the personal electronic device is located within a second definedspace; identify a second action to be performed by the device to affecta state of the second defined space in accordance with the userpreference; and transmit, via the communications interface, a secondinstruction to perform the second action.
 2. The building automationcontroller of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a first device and asecond device.
 3. The building automation controller of claim 1, whereinthe building automation controller comprises a first controller and asecond controller.
 4. The building automation controller of claim 3,wherein the second action to be performed by a second device is to beperformed on the second controller.
 5. The building automationcontroller of claim 3, wherein the transmit is transmitted by the secondcontroller.
 6. The building automation controller of claim 1, furthercomprising the user preference comprising a preference of multipleusers.
 7. The building automation controller of claim 1, wherein thefirst defined space comprises a bedroom, a living room, a classroom, amovie theater, a meeting room or an office.
 8. The building automationcontroller of claim 1, wherein the user preference is a statepreference.
 9. The building automation controller of claim 1, whereinthe first action is a modifying state action.
 10. The buildingautomation controller of claim 1, wherein the user preference ismodified by time of day.
 11. A method performed by a building automationcontroller comprising: receiving, via a communications interface, anindication that a personal electronic device is located within a firstdefined space; identifying a user preference associated with thepersonal electronic device; identifying a first action to be performedby a device to affect a state of the first defined space in accordancewith the user preference; transmitting, via the communicationsinterface, a first instruction to perform the first action; receiving,via the communications interface, an indication that the personalelectronic device is located within a second defined space; identifyinga second action to be performed by the device to affect a state of thesecond defined space in accordance with the user preference; andtransmitting, via the communications interface, a second instruction toperform the second action.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the userpreference is a state preference.
 13. The method of claim 11, whereinthe device comprises a first device and a second device.
 14. The methodof claim 13, wherein the first defined space comprises a bedroom, aliving room, a classroom, a movie theater, a meeting room, an office ora building.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the building automationcontroller comprises a first controller and a second controller.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the second action to be performed by asecond device is to be performed on the second controller.
 17. Themethod of claim 11, further comprising the user preference comprising apreference of multiple users.
 18. A non-transient storage mediumconfigured with code which upon execution by a controller with memory,having one or more processors coupled with instructions stored in thememory controlling a state change device, which performs a method, themethod comprising: receiving, via a communications interface, anindication that a personal electronic device is located within a firstdefined space; identifying a user preference associated with thepersonal electronic device; identifying a first action to be performedby a device to affect a state of the first defined space in accordancewith the user preference; transmitting, via the communicationsinterface, a first instruction to perform the first action; receiving,via the communications interface, an indication that the personalelectronic device is located within a second defined space; identifyinga second action to be performed by the device to affect a state of thesecond defined space in accordance with the user preference; andtransmitting, via the communications interface, a second instruction toperform the second action.
 19. The non-transient storage medium of claim18, wherein the first defined space is a first building and the seconddefined space is a second building.
 20. The non-transient storage mediumof claim 19, wherein the user preference is a state preference.